Swierenga. Research Professor, A. C. Van Raalte Institute, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, USATwelfth International Economic History Conference, Madrid, Spain, August 2. Session C- 3. 1)Abstract: This paper describes Dutch immigration to Argentina during the final phase of the great century of migration, and compares it with the Dutch movement to the United States. The work is based primarily on the historical research of Argentine scholar Gerardo Oberman and my analysis of Dutch nationals in the Buenos Aires ship passenger lists from 1. Centro de Estudios Migratorios Latinoamericanos (CEMLA). During these years, nearly 5,0.
Dutch nationals entered the port of Buenos Aires, compared to more than 1. United States. The first wave, 1. Argentine government, but thereafter laborers and businessmen predominated. The Dutch migration to Argentina was an individual movement for labor and trade, in contrast to the North American folk migration for land and family. Protestants predominated in both migration streams, but Argentina attracted proportionally more Catholics and unchurched, and the migration lacked the clerical leadership that characterized Dutch settlements in the United States.
Beginnings From 1. Netherlands government statistics, South American destinations attracted 8,0. Dutch, South Africa 1. East Asia 3. 6,0. Swierenga, Table 2, 1. A few thousand Dutch had settled in Canada by 1. Canada (Ganzevoort, 2, 3.
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The first Dutch immigrants to South America went to the Brazilian state of Espirito Santo between 1. Holanda. This colony of 5. Reformed folk from West Zeeuws- Vlaanderen in the province of Zeeland was a flash in a pan. All further immigration ceased and contacts with the homeland withered.
The weak and desperate ! Except for the pitiful Zeelanders in Holanda, Brazil attracted few Dutch until after 1. From 1. 90. 6 through 1. Dutch emigrated there, mainly in 1. Hartland, 1. 4). Chilean immigration was restricted until an agreement in 1. The Hague signed personal contracts with a group of forty farm families (Hartland, 2.
Vande Beek). In 1. Groningers, settled in Chile; several more Groninger families followed in 1. Until the late 1. Argentina was . The Argentine government hired Dutch engineers and architects for various public works projects. These highly paid professionals joined the . In an agricultural exposition in 1.
Dutch bull and cow won first prizes. The next year Vicente L. Casares, owner of the San Martin ranch in Ca.
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In the 1. 89. 0s Dutch entrepreneurs in Buenos Aires established the Dutch Bank of South America to finance and supervise their enterprises. In the 1. 85. 0s several families settled in Esperanza, and in the 1. Buenos Aires attracted an unmarried farmer, a government official with a wife and six children, and a childless couple (Oberman, 9. Swierenga, 1. 98.
But people did eventually follow trade. In 1. 87. 1 the Argentine government opened its first immigrant bureau in western Europe in Antwerp, and began recruiting in Belgium, Holland, and northern France. Half came before 1. In the postwar years, from 1.
Netherlands statistics report another 3,6. Dutch leaving for Argentina, which is a small fraction of the 5. Dutch overseas emigrants in these years, and less than half the number of Dutch to Brazil (Jongkind, 3. Then, in 1. 88. 8, the government of president M. This policy initiative sparked the first substantial foreign immigration. The government subsidized at 1.
Dutch and other European farmers up to 6. Law of 3 November 1.
The normal full fare from Amsterdam was f. Subsidies for children mirrored the reduced rates of the shipping companies; one- half fare for 3 to 1. Children under 1 year went free (van Zeijl, 1. Bureaus of the Oficinas de Informaci.
The government also promised cheap virgin lands and constructed eleven immigrant hotels around the country to house the newcomers. The timing was auspicious.
Just as the Argentine pampas was opening to wheat cultivation in the 1. Europe suffered an acute depression and many farm laborers were desperate to leave. Religious and political leaders, such as Abraham Kuyper, leader of the Christian Anti- Revolutionary Party, urged the poor to emigrate. With such pronouncements in the face of overwhelming poverty, the excess farm workers took flight and the cash grain regions of Friesland and Groningen in the north and Zeeland and Zuid Holland in the south became .
Friesland especially became a hive ready for swarming and Argentina attracted hundreds of families in 1. Celman hoped to direct this outflow away from the United States, which had previously attracted 9. Dutch to Argentina. In 1. 88. 8 the Dutch Consulate in Buenos Aires received its first letter from Friesland inquiring about conditions for immigrants. Many more letters followed, indicating that the Argentine promotion efforts were getting results in the crisis- ridden northern region. In the three years, 1.
Netherlanders, 8. Argentine government subsidized, according to J. A. Alsina, director of the Argentine immigration bureau (cited in Banda, 7.
Zeijl, 1. 54). These Netherlanders joined a record 2. Argentina in 1. 88. Oberman, 2. 2, 3. Ocean Passage: Transport and Statistics The Dutch embarked for Buenos Aires mainly aboard vessels of the Nederlandsch- Amerikaansche Stoomvaart Maatschappij . Anticipating a massive influx, NASM redirected three steamships- -Schiedam, Zaandam, and Edam from the New York City service to the Argentine traffic (New York Times, 2. February 1. 88. 9, cited in Oberman, 3. Zeijl, 1. 54). The Zaandam set sail from Amsterdam in December 1.
NASM South American Line, but the big wave began with the arrival of the Schiedam from Amsterdam in March 1. Hollanders, which was followed in May by the Zaandam from Rotterdam with another 3. Dutch. Departures alternated between the Amsterdam and Rotterdam terminals. Caland and Leerdam were added to the South American route. Each carried from 3. England, Spain, Portugal, and the Canary Islands to take on more passengers (van Zeijl, 1.
Oberman, 3. 7, 9. By contrast, NASM ships bound for New York went direct or with one stop (usually at Southampton, England), and they completed the voyage in only 7- 1. Argentine route. Argentine Immigrant Administration Upon arrival, the newcomers were given up to five days of free food and lodging at the disreputable immigrants hotels, or ten days if they signed a labor contract to go to one of the agricultural colonies. In the peak year of 1. Dutch immigrants spent some time in one of the government- run hotels, which doubled as hospitals for the many who suffered from gastrointestinal infections and other maladies.
One in twenty Dutch in 1. NASM ships. Sickness was greatest on passages departing in the dead of winter, when passengers experienced the temperature extremes of crossing the equator (van Zeijl, 1. Banda, 3. 1- 3. 2). In the first big immigrant wave, from December 1. December 1. 89. 0, only farmers and their families were eligible for a fare subsidy, but company officials took little care to screen the immigrants and boarded all comers.
As a result, 4. 0 percent of the adults sailing from Dutch ports were not farmers but skilled craftsmen and unskilled laborers who hoped for a better life (CEMLA data file). Even some who stated their occupation as farmer did so falsely. Alsina, director of the Argentine immigration bureau, rightly complained that many were . The labor bureau, the Oficina de Trabajo, provided free railroad tickets. Landowners provided food and other necessities on credit, and settled accounts when the crops came in.
Hollanders signed such labor contracts without being able to read the fine print in Spanish, and many ended up being victimized, especially when landowners failed to keep their part (Oberman, 4. Jongkind, 3. 38). Provisions were ample in beef, corn, and sugar but low in milk, cheese, vegetables, and fruits. The huge hunks of meat and hardtack were not part of the normal Dutch diet and this led to intestinal illnesses, especially among the children. A leader in the Gereformeerde Kerk . This same cleric charged that some families survived only by prostituting their daughters to the ranch foremen (Oberman, 4.
Inhospitable places where the Dutch found themselves were forest lands in the northern province of Chaco and ranch lands in Mendoza, C. Those who were greater risk takers signed share cropping contracts, either as cash tenants or more often on shares, in which case landowners provided tools, seed, and oxen in exchange for a 5. On the pampas in 1. Solberg, 6. 0; Adelman, 1. A fortunate few had the means to buy the virgin lands. But few succeeded as farmers in the first wave and the quality of life for the rural proletariate was poor (Jongkind, 3.
Adelman, 1. 27). Agricultural Colonies The main Dutch rural colonies took shape in the agricultural projects of Micaela Cascallares, La Hibernia, and La Colina near Tres Arroyos, La Fortuna near Bahia Blanca, and Felix Lynch near Chacabuco. Tres Arroyos, a regional market center and railhead, had 4,0. The fortunate Dutch with some capital ended up on this fertile pampas and the surrounding areas of San Cayetano and Claromec. Virgin government land was available in 5.
This price for viable farmland was considered fair for such productive lands, according to Alsina, the government official (Oberman, 4. But it was expensive compared to the free land policy the United States government had followed since 1. According to the Second Argentine National Census of 1. Dutch, or one in twenty- five, owned real property. In Santa Fe Province, a mere 7 of 4. Dutch (less than one in fifty) owned real estate.
This was fewer than the ten Dutch prostitutes that worked the streets of Buenos Aires at the time (Oberman, 4. The agricultural colony of Micaela Cascallares was the most important settlement in the Tres Arroyos district. The impresario Don Benjamin del Castillo opened this 2. Frisian and Groninger families arrived. Castillo parceled the fertile lands into 3.